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| In the course of the transformation to a greenhouse gas-neutral society in the second half of the 21st century the use of synthetic energy carriers based on renewable electricity or biomass is under discussion. This project evaluates the environmental impacts of technical and logistical options for the generation of such energy carriers on the basis of environmental impact categories such as global warming potential acidification or land use. The production of five products (Fischer-Tropsch fuels methanol synthetic natural gas biomethane and hydrogen) was examined based on various process steps/procedures and their current and future technical data. By using regional factors for Germany Europe and the Mediterranean region - like the availability of renewable energy carriers such as wind or PV and of raw materials such as carbon or water as well as transport routes to Germany - these processes were combined to form supply paths for these energy carriers. Using the method of life cycle assessment the environmental effects were analysed for today and 2050. In addition the costs for plant construction and operation were estimated. The results show that synthetic energy carriers generally have a significantly lower global warming potential than today's fossil reference products due to the use of renewable energies. However the production of electricity generation plants and associated economic processes - such as steel and cement production - can still make a relevant contribution to the global warming potential if they are not also greenhouse neutral. At the same time it is this production of the necessary plants that leads to (sometimes significantly) increased burdens compared with the fossil reference in almost all other impact categories most notably in terms of water and land use. This study therefore also provides indications of which environmental impacts must be further reduced in the future. |
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